Genetic engineering platforms and research translated honestly.
Gene synthesis is the industrial process of building specified DNA sequences base by base, without a natural template. Short fragments are made by phosphoramidite chemistry, assembled into genes enzymatically, and error-corrected before sequencing verification, and in the United States…
Epigenetics is the field of study focused on changes in DNA that do not involve alterations to the underlying sequence, per NHGRI's Talking Glossary, which also calls the field epigenomics. The commercial and scientific interest sits in the platforms that read those changes at scale: sequencing-…
Population genomics is the large-scale application of genomic technologies to study populations of individuals, a definition maintained by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The scale is no longer theoretical: per NIH's June 30, 2026 announcement, the All of Us Research Program now…
Genomic data privacy in the United States rests on a patchwork: the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 bars the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment decisions, while NIH policy governs federally funded research data. Between them sit large uncovered areas…
Base editing and prime editing are precision genome editing methods that rewrite DNA without the double-strand break standard CRISPR cutting relies on. Base editing, first described in Nature in 2016, converts one DNA base into another; prime editing, described in Nature in 2019, writes new…
Cell and gene therapy manufacturing produces either a viral vector carrying a therapeutic gene or living cells engineered with one, under good manufacturing practice controls. FDA's January 2020 CMC guidance defines the IND baseline: enough information to assure safety, identity, quality,…